Under a narrower definition of industrial relations, specialized subjects could include industrial relations theory; labor organizations (unions and employee associations); management of industrial relations; labor and management history; labor and business law; collective bargaining and negotiations; industrial conflict (especially strikes); grievance procedures, arbitration and mediation, and other dispute resolution techniques; worker participation or industrial democracy; the effects of unions on employment terms and on society more broadly; and "comparative" or internationally oriented perspectives on industrial relations.

Thereafter, in its discretion, the Board upon notice may take further testimony or hear argument. If upon the preponderance of the testimony taken the Board shall be of the opinion that any person named in the complaint has engaged in or is engaging in any such unfair labor practice, then the Board shall state its findings of fact and shall issue and cause to be served on such person an order requiring such person to cease and desist from such unfair labor practice, and to take such affirmative action including reinstatement of employees with or without backpay, as will effectuate the policies of this Act [subchapter]: Provided, That where an order directs reinstatement of an employee, backpay may be required of the employer or labor organization, as the case may be, responsible for the discrimination suffered by him: And provided further, That in determining whether a complaint shall issue alleging a violation of section 8(a)(1) or section 8(a)(2) [subsection (a)(1) or (a)(2) of section 158 of this title], and in deciding such cases, the same regulations and rules of decision shall apply irrespective of whether or not the labor organization affected is affiliated with a labor organization national or international in scope , e.g. The Shadow Welfare State: Labor, Business, and the Politics of Health Care in the United States (ILR Press Books) studiomicrodesign.com. Because of Dunlop's IRS foundation in economics and logic, he developed a formulation representing all these components: rules (R), actors (A), contexts (T, M, P) and ideology (I): R = f(A, T, M, P, I). What Dunlop is saying relating to actors and ideologies is, as briefly stated above, that all actors (managers, workers, governing bodies) share a common society, thus share a common ideology Corridors of Migration: The Odyssey of Mexican Laborers, 1600-1933 psipsycholog24.pl.

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